Estonia - Geography

Geography - People - Economy - Government - Communications - Transportation - Military - Transnational Issues

Estonia is located Eastern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea and Gulf of Finland, between Latvia and Russia. The climate is maritime, wet, moderate winters, cool summers. The terrain is marshy, lowlands; flat in the north, hilly in the south.

Location

This entry identifies the country's regional location, neighboring countries, and adjacent bodies of water.
Location : Eastern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea and Gulf of Finland, between Latvia and Russia

Geographic coordinates

This entry includes rounded latitude and longitude figures for the purpose of finding the approximate geographic center of an entity and is based on the locations provided in the Geographic Names Server (GNS), maintained by the National Geospatial- Intelligence Agency on behalf of the US Board on Geographic Names.
Geographic coordinates : 59 00 N, 26 00 E

Map references

This entry includes the name of the Factbook reference map on which a country may be found. Note that boundary representations on these maps are not necessarily authoritative. The entry on Geographic coordinates may be helpful in finding some smaller countries.
Map references : Europe

Area

This entry includes three subfields. Total area is the sum of all land and water areas delimited by international boundaries and/or coastlines. Land area is the aggregate of all surfaces delimited by international boundaries and/or coastlines, excluding inland water bodies (lakes, reservoirs, rivers). Water area is the sum of the surfaces of all inland water bodies, such as lakes, reservoirs, or rivers, as delimited by international boundaries and/or coastlines.
Area - total : 45,226 sq km
Area - land : 43,211 sq km
Area - water : 2,015 sq km
Area - note : includes 1,520 islands in the Baltic Sea

Area - comparative

This entry provides an area comparison based on total area equivalents. Most entities are compared with the entire US or one of the 50 states based on area measurements (1990 revised) provided by the US Bureau of the Census. The smaller entities are compared with Washington, DC (178 sq km, 69 sq mi) or The Mall in Washington, DC (0.59 sq km, 0.23 sq mi, 146 acres).
Area - comparative : slightly smaller than New Hampshire and Vermont combined

Land boundaries

This entry contains the total length of all land boundaries and the individual lengths for each of the contiguous border countries. When available, official lengths published by national statistical agencies are used. Because surveying methods may differ, country border lengths reported by contiguous countries may differ.
Land boundaries - total : 633 km
Land boundaries - border countries : Latvia 343 km, Russia 290 km

Coastline

This entry gives the total length of the boundary between the land area (including islands) and the sea.
Coastline : 3,794 km

Maritime claims

This entry includes the following claims, the definitions of which are excerpted from the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), which alone contains the full and definitive descriptions
Maritime claims - territorial sea : 12 nm
Maritime claims - exclusive economic zone : limits fixed in coordination with neighboring states

Climate

This entry includes a brief description of typical weather regimes throughout the year.
Climate : maritime, wet, moderate winters, cool summers

Terrain

This entry contains a brief description of the topography.
Terrain : marshy, lowlands; flat in the north, hilly in the south

Elevation extremes

This entry includes both the highest point and the lowest point.
Elevation extremes - lowest point : Baltic Sea 0 m
Elevation extremes - highest point : Suur Munamagi 318 m

Natural resources

This entry lists a country's mineral, petroleum, hydropower, and other resources of commercial importance.
Natural resources : oil shale, peat, phosphorite, clay, limestone, sand, dolomite, arable land, sea mud

Land use

This entry contains the percentage shares of total land area for three different types of land use
Land use - arable land : 12.05%
Land use - permanent crops : 0.35%
Land use - other : 87.6% (2005)

Irrigated land

This entry gives the number of square kilometers of land area that is artificially supplied with water.
Irrigated land : 40 sq km (2003)

Total renewable water resources

This entry provides the long-term average water availability for a country in cubic kilometers of precipitation, recharged ground water, and surface inflows from surrounding countries. The values have been adjusted to account for overlap resulting from surface flow recharge of groundwater sources. Total renewable water resources provides the water total available to a country but does not include water resource totals that have been reserved for upstream or downstream countries through international agreements. Note that these values are averages and do not accurately reflect the total available in any given year. Annual available resources can vary greatly due to short-term and long-term climatic and weather variations.
Total renewable water resources : 21.1 cu km (2005)

Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)

This entry provides the annual quantity of water in cubic kilometers removed from available sources for use in any purpose. Water drawn-off is not necessarily entirely consumed and some portion may be returned for further use downstream. Domestic sector use refers to water supplied by public distribution systems. Note that some of this total may be used for small industrial and/or limited agricultural purposes. Industrial sector use is the quantity of water used by self-supplied industries not connected to a public distribution system. Agricultural sector use includes water used for irrigation and livestock watering, and does not account for agriculture directly dependent on rainfall. Included are figures for total annual water withdrawal and per capita water withdrawal.
Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural) - total : 1.41 cu km/yr (56%/39%/5%)
Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural) - per capita : 1,060 cu m/yr (2002)

Natural hazards

This entry lists potential natural disasters.
Natural hazards : sometimes flooding occurs in the spring

Environment - current issues

This entry lists the most pressing and important environmental problems. The following terms and abbreviations are used throughout the entry
Environment - current issues : air polluted with sulfur dioxide from oil-shale burning power plants in northeast; however, the amount of pollutants emitted to the air have fallen steadily, the emissions of 2000 were 80% less than in 1980; the amount of unpurified wastewater discharged to water bodies in 2000 was one-20th the level of 1980; in connection with the start-up of new water purification plants, the pollution load of wastewater decreased; Estonia has more than 1,400 natural and manmade lakes, the smaller of which in agricultural areas need to be monitored; coastal seawater is polluted in certain locations

Environment

Environment - international agreements - party to : Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
Environment - international agreements - signed, but not ratified : none of the selected agreements

Geography - note

This entry includes miscellaneous geographic information of significance not included elsewhere.
Geography - note : the mainland terrain is flat, boggy, and partly wooded; offshore lie more than 1,500 islands

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